The Correct Option is D
Squamous cell carcinoma occurs almost exclusively in smokers. It is a hilar/proximal cancer, usually starting in situ in the segmental bronchi. The tumors are often large, well- defined, and necrotic in the center. They have characteristics of squamous tissue, especially keratin pearls and desmosomes.
Squamous cell carcinoma is easily diagnosed by sputum sample.
Squamous cell carcinoma often has elevated PTH as part of a paraneoplastic disorder.
Squamous lesions are atypical cells years before onset of lung cancer. They can only be detected by sputum samples. They represent squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.
The Correct Answer is D
Micturition (voiding or urination): act of emptying bladder
when ~ 200 ml or urine has accumulated in bladder, contractions of bladder due to activation of stretch receptors & spinal reflexes in turn activates voiding reflexesthe micturition center of the pons signals parasympathetic neurons that stimulate contraction of the detrusor muscle & relaxation of the internal & external sphincters, allowing urine expulsionvoluntary control of the external sphincter allows urine retention
The Correct Option is D
The nerves that supply the bladder are continuous with the inferior hypogastric plexusThe sympathetic fibers (T11 - L2) inhibit contraction of detrusor muscleThe parasympathetic fibers (pelvic splanchnic nn.) stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle and inhibit action of sphincter vesicae
The Correct Option is C
Gastrointestinal motility and secretion is under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system.
ENT
1. Paracusis is seen in
a. otosclerosis,
b. Otogenic deafness
c. CSOM
d. Meniere’s disease
2. Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma is most commonly seen in
a. Young female,
b. Elderly female,
c. Infants,
d. Young boy.
3. betahistine is given in’
a. Otosclerosis,
b. Meniere’s disease,
c. CSOM,
The correct answer is A
Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the otic capsule and the ossicles. It is not known to occur outside the human temporal bone. It is characterized by a progressive hearing loss that may be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. Histologically, it is seen as abnormal resorption and then deposition of bone in the labyrinthine capsule and middle ear. Otosclerosis is an important cause of auditory and, to a lesser extent, vestibular symptoms, and both can be treated effectively in most cases.
The Correct Answer is D
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, benign, vascular neoplasm that accounts for less than 0.5% of all head and neck tumors. JNAs occur almost exclusively in the nasopharynx of adolescent males.
Histologically, JNAs originate from myofibroblasts. The tumor lacks a capsule and spreads submucosally. It is composed of a fibrous abundance of single endothelial cell lined vascular spaces or channels. These channels are surrounded by a collagenous tissue network and lack a complete muscular layer.
The Correct Answer is A
histamine-like drug generically designated as betahistine hydrochlorideThe chemical name is 2 (2' meihylaminoethyl) pyridine dihydrochloride. There is some similarity in structure between betahistine and histamine. Betahistine hydrocholoride which is also known as Serc is the most common drug prescribed for Meniere's Disease.This drug improves the blood flow of the small blood vessels in the inner ear. The vasodilating properties of histamine were the basis for treatment of vertigo and other inner ear dysfunctions.Tags: MCQ, Pharmacology, Betahistine, MAHE, Meniere's
The Correct Answer is A
Microlaryngoscopy can be performed using the hands-free laryngoscope and an operating microscope with a 400 mm objective lens or using a Hopkins rod telescope.
It is the most precise means of operating on the vocal folds and allows the use of two of the most essential and important tools in voice surgery: the microscope and microscopic instruments.
Microlaryngoscopy requires general anesthesia, but patients generally go home the same day as the procedure.
The Correct Answer is B
Cholesteatoma is an abnormal accumulation of keratin-producing squamous epithelium in the middle ear, epitympanum, mastoid or petrous apex. It has been further defined as a three dimensional epidermoid structure exhibiting independent growth, replacing middle ear mucosa, and resorbing underlying bone. Although it is not a neoplastic lesion, it can be insidious and potentially dangerous to the patient. The term “cholesteatoma” was first used by Johannes Müller in 1838 to describe a true neoplasm he thought was “a pearly tumor of fat...among sheets of polyhedral cells”.
The correct answer is B
Caldwell-Luc operation or Radical or Sublabial Antrostomy
relieves chronic sinusitis by improving the drainage of the maxillary sinus, one of the cavities beneath the eye.
The maxillary sinus is entered through the upper jaw above one of the second molar teeth. A “window” is created to connect the maxillary sinus with the nose, thus improving drainage.
The operation is named after American physician George Caldwell and French laryngologist Henry Luc and is most often performed when a neoplasm is present in the sinus cavity.Indications for Caldwell Luc Operation Chronic Maxillary SinusitisAntro Choanal Polyps and Cysts of MaxillaBiopsy of Maxillary Antral GrowthRemoval of Foreign bodies in AntrumRepair of Oro Antral FistulaTransantral Ligation of Maxillary ArteryTransantral Ligation of Vidian NerveTransantral EthmoidectomyBlowout fractures of OrbitElevation of Fronto Nasal Fractures Contraindications of Caldwell Luc Operation Children Tit Bits
The Correct Answer is A
Ludwig's Angina is a cellulitis of the submandibular space, frequently occurring as a result of infections of the second or third lower molars.
presents a swelling of the floor of mouth, tongue and submandibular region-leads to restricted neck movement, dysphagia, sore throat, dyspnea and possibly respiratory obstruction secondary to laryngeal edema In his original description in 1836, Ludwig noted the absence of concomitant pharyngeal inflammation, the “woody” induration of the neck and floor of mouth, the limitation of involvement in the neck to the submental and submandibular triangles and the lack of cervical lymphadenopathy. Some authors now recommend that the term “Ludwig’s angina” be reserved for those infections that meet the following five criteria:
The correct Answer is A
Nasal myiasis is a manifestation of the nasal cavities by larvae of the fly of genus Chrysomia. It is prevalent in tropical countries. Atrophic rhinitis is the most commonest predisposing factor for this condition. The maggots can cause extensive erosion of the nose, face and intra-cranial structures occasionally causing meningitis and death.
Tags: MCQ, ENT, MAHE, Myiasis
The Correct Answer is D
The primary purpose of impedance audiometry is to determine the status of the tympanic membrane and middle ear via tympanometry. The secondary purpose of this test is to evaluate acoustic reflex pathways, which include cranial nerves (CN) VII and VIII and the auditory brainstem. This test cannot be used to directly assess auditory sensitivity, although results are interpreted in conjunction with other threshold measures.
Source
Tags: MCQ, ENT, Middle Ear Pressure
The Correct Answer is C
Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infection of the mucous membranes that usually manifests as vascular friable polyps which occurs in the New World, Europe, Africa and Asia, but is most common in the tropics (India and Sri Lanka). The disease was first described in Argentina around 1890 by Malbran and Guillermo Seeber (the subject of his thesis). The disease is characterised by slow-growing, painless polyps or tumour-like masses, which are usually found on the nasal mucosa, lacrymal sac, conjunctivae, palate, larynx or penis. Chronic rhinitis and/or epistaxis may occur.
The Correct Answer is A
Functional problems of the vocal cords such as pubophonia (a condition wherein men have high-pitched feminine voice).
Tags: MCQ, ENT, MAHE
The correct Answer is A
During normal phonation, the rima glottidis is quite narrowed.
Tags: MCQ, ENT, Vocal Cord
The Correct Answer is A
Most cases of primary congenital glaucoma are sporadic in occurrence. However, evidence exists suggesting that the disease may be transmitted through an autosomal recessive pattern, with variable penetrance, or a polygenic inheritance pattern.
CYP1B1, the gene encoding cytochrome P4501B1, is associated with primary congenital glaucoma. GLC3B located on band 1p36 and GLC3C located on band 14q24.3 are loci that are linked to primary congenital glaucoma, but the genes are unknown.
The incidence of CYP1B1 in familial cases is 93% in Saudi Arabia, 50% in Brazil, and 20-30% in ethnically mixed populations, and its incidence in nonfamilial (simplex) cases is 10-15%.The classic triad of manifestations, any one of which should arouse suspicion of glaucoma in an infant or young child, includes epiphora, photophobia, and blepharospasm.
The Correct Answer is A
Morax - Axenfeld Diplobacillus causes Angular Conjunctivitis. A subacute bilateral conjunctival inflammation sometimes caused by the Moraxella bacillus, marked by redness of the lateral canthi and scanty, stringy discharge that adheres to the lashes.
Tags: MCQ, ophthalmology, Angular Conjuntivitis
The Correct Answer is B
Iridocyclitis - characterised by circumcorneal redness, pain, photophobia, with no stickiness, small pupil; blurred vision. Pupil may be irregular in size if posterior synechiae are present.
For Image Click Here
Tags: MCQ, Opthalmology, Iridocyclitis, Pupil Size, MAHE
The Correct Answer is A
Glaucoma is a nonspecific term used for several ocular diseases that ultimately result in increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and decreased visual acuity. Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) is an ocular emergency and receives distinction due to its acute presentation, need for immediate treatment, and well-established anatomic pathology.
The treatment of AACG consists of IOP reduction, suppression of inflammation, and the reversal of angle closure. Once diagnosed, the initial intervention includes acetazolamide, a topical beta-blocker, and a topical steroid.
The correct answer is A
A very common and troublesome eye condition, usually affecting children, is vernal kerato-conjunctivitis. This is an allergic problem which is worse in the spring and summer. The patient complains of severe itching, the eyes are red and there are mucus strands. It is also called vernal or spring catarrh.
SignsConjunctival hyperemia with papillary hypertrophy ("cobblestoning") of the upper tarsal plateThin copious milk-white fibrinous secretionsTransient limbal or conjunctival "yellowish-white points" Dennie's lines (extra lower eyelid crease due to edema)Corneal ulcers, infiltrated with Charcot-Leyden crystalsMaxwell-Lyons sign - mucus so abundant that a pseudomembrane forms on the upper eyelid when averted and exposed to heatHistologic exam - infiltrated conjunctiva with eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages
The Correct Answer is C
A nuclear cataract is most commonly seen as it forms. This cataract forms in the nucleus, the center of the lens, and is due to natural aging changes.
When a nuclear cataract first develops it can bring about a temporary improvement in your near vision, called "second sight." Unfortunately, the improved vision is short-lived and will disappear as the cataract worsens.
Tags: MCQ, Cataract, Second Sight
The Correct Answer is B
Contusion cataract is usually stellate or rosette-shaped involving the axial posterior lens capsule
Note:
Wilson's disease - sun-flower cataract
Myotonic dystrophy - Christmas tree cataract
Amiodarone - anterior capsular cataract
Alport's syndrome - Anterior lenticonus
Down's syndrome - cerulean (blue-dot) cataract
Lamellar cataract is the most common type of cataract seen in congenital rubella
Tags: MCQ, Opthalmology, MAHE, Cataract
The correct answer is A
For many people with diabetic retinopathy, there are no early symptoms. There is no pain, no blurred vision, and no ocular inflammation. In fact, many people do not develop any visual impairment until the disease has advanced well into its proliferative stage. At this point, the vision that has been lost cannot be restored.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) showed that better control of blood sugar levels slows the onset and progression of retinopathy and lessens the need for laser surgery for severe retinopathy.
The Correct Answer is A
Typhoid is the fifth most communicable disease in India. Children constitute almost 70% of hospitalized typhoid victims in the country.
Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid:
Symptoms: Constant fever, headache, discomfort, loss of appetite, enlargement of the liver or spleen, rash on arms and legs. Adult patients often suffer from constipation or diarrhea with passage of blood.Mode of Transmission: Eating or drinking contaminated food or water.Incubation Period: Depends on the number of bacteria, mostly from 1 to 3 weeks.
The correct Answer is C
upper-to-lower body segment ratiouse if assessing for a alteration of proportional growthequals crown to pubis/pubis to heel ratiobirth: 1.7, age 6 or greater: 1.0The ratio is greatest at birth (1.70), falls to unity at the onset of adolescence and is lowest in the postpubertal child (0.95 to 0.89)
Tags: MCQ, Pediatrics, Body Proportions
The correct Answer is A
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a single chain glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 daltons. Discovery of this embryo-specific protein in human fetal serum was reported in 1956 by Bergstrand and Czar.
alphafetoprotein (AFP) = in amniotic fluid = elevated in babies with NTDs and abdominal wall defects.
AFP decrease Down’s
Tags: MCQ, AFP, Alpha Feto Protein
The Correct Answer is C
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Patau syndrome is the least common and the most severe of the viable autosomal trisomies.Patau syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 13, a medium-length acrocentric chromosome.Holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, flexion of the fingers, rocker-bottom feet, facial clefting, and heart defects also are frequent clinical features.Newborns with Patau syndrome typically present in the neonatal period with low Apgar scores and may have the following conditions:Cleft lipCleft palate Polydactyly (postaxial) Microcephaly Rocker-bottom feet Microphthalmia Scalp defects (cutis aplasia) Omphalocele HerniasStillbirth and in utero fetal demise are common pregnancy outcomes.
The Correct Answer is B
2 ½ years:
Walks on tip toeCan jump with feet off the groundCan thread beadsCan put on and take off some clothesDrawings are more representational 3 years:
Can walk upstairs with one foot on each stepStands on one foot for a secondRides a tricycleCan dress a dollCan draw recognisable imageFasten and unfasten buttonsCan build a tower of nine blocks highStarts to use scizzors 4 years:
The Correct Answer is B
Classic breath-holding spells: These are a form of autonomic syncope frequently misdiagnosed as seizures. They occur in early childhood and infancy. They can be two forms: cyanotic and pallid. The cyanotic form usually occurs after vigorous crying, while the pallid form commonly occurs after a sudden fright or minor injury. The history of a prodrome of injury, vigorous crying, or sudden fright is key to distinguishing a breath-holding spell from a seizure. Parents can be reassured that no brain damage occurs and, in the presence of a classic history, no further workup is necessary.
The Correct Answer is A
Mongolian spot refers to a macular blue-gray pigmentation usually on the sacral area of healthy infants. It is usually present at birth or appears within the first weeks of life. It typically disappears spontaneously within 4 years but can persist for life.Mongolian spots are observed in more than 90% of infants of the Mongoloid race (ie, East Asians, Indonesians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Amerindians, Eskimos).The Mongolian spot is a congenital, developmental condition exclusively involving the skin. It results from entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis during their migration from the neural crest into the epidermis. This migration is regulated by exogenous peptide growth factors that work by the activation of tyrosine kinase receptors. It is postulated that accumulated metabolites such as GM1 and heparan sulfate bind to this tyrosine kinase receptor and lead to severe neurologic manifestations and aberrant neural crest migration.
The Correct Answer is B
Harlequin ichthyosis, (MIM 242500), is a rare, autosomal recessive skin disorder due to an inborn error of epidermal keratinization. The gene for this condition has not been localized.
Harlequin-type ichthyosis (also harlequin ichthyosis, ichthyosis congenita, or keratosis diffusa fetalis), a skin disease, is the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis, characterized by a thickening of the keratin layer in fetal human skin. In sufferers of the disease, the skin appears as massive, diamond-shaped scales. In addition, the eyes, ears, mouth, and other appendages may be abnormally contracted. The scaly keratin greatly limits the child's movement. Because the skin is cracked where normal skin would fold, it is easily pregnable by bacteria and other contaminants, resulting in serious risk of fatal infection.
The Correct Answer is D
Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21 in a parent who is chromosomally normal. Chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal, nondisjunction in mitosis or meiosis is the cause of most aneuploids.
Tags: MCQ, Genetics, MAHE, Down's Syndrome
The correct Answer is B
Immunosuppressed patients, particularly those with AIDS,are vulnerable to a broad range of pulmonary pathogens. In addition to being susceptible to the many organisms that produce community- and hospital-acquired pneumonias, these patients are susceptible to many opportunistic microbes that are unlikely to cause pneumonia in immunologically competent hosts.
Such organisms include bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and Legionella), mycobacteria (e.g., M. avium complex), viruses (e.g., cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus), fungi (e.g., Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Pneumocystis jiroveci [formerly P. carinii]), and protozoa (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii)
Tags: MCQ, Medicine, Immunosuppression
The Correct Answer is B
AIDS Defining Criteria
CD4 count <200cells/cmm>
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs
Invasive cervical cancer
Coccidiodomycosis,
disseminated or extrapulmonary Cryptococcus
Cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus
HIV encephalopathy
Herpes simplex with ulcers that have lasted longer than 1 month
The Correct Answer is C
Thyroid disorder is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. The symptoms of hypothyroidism may be mistaken for normal ageing.
The presentation of hyperthyroidism may not include typical features of sympathetic overdrive, so called ‘apathetic hyperthyroidism’ first described by Lahey in 1931. Sometimes the clinical presentation may be too subtle.
In general: older patients, present with weight loss, small goiter, slow atrial fibrillation, and severe depression.
Tags: MCQ, Medicine, thyrotoxicosis, Thyroid
The Correct Answer is B
The incidence of the trait is much higher in males than in females, heterozygous females are usually unaffected. The gene (and trait) is usually transmitted from an affected male to his grandsons through his daughters; the grandsons have a 50% chance of inheriting the trait. Males never transmit the disease directly to their sons, so that affected males in a kindred are related to each other through females.
Some common X linked recessive conditions include red-green colorblindness, hemophilia (bleeders), Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Lesch-Nyhan disorder in which the affected individuals tend to have movement problem and to mutilate themselves.
The Correct Answer is C
The mechanism of NO-evoked alteration of AA metabolism and the role of NO in activation of apoptosis was investigated. It was observed that NO enhanced AA release from synapto- neurosomal phospholipids by stimulation of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA2) and inhibited its incorporation into phospholipids. NO exerts this effect through cGMP and protein kinase G.
Tags: MCQ, Medicine, Nitric Oxide
The Correct Answer is D
Lepromatous Leprosy Clinical Features
There are countless disseminated macules and/or skin nodules, with blurred outlines and sometimes joining to form larger plaques. No tendency to central healing is seen and there is no hypopigmentation, although sometimes a "copper colour" is present. The infiltrated skin nodules do exhibit less or no anaesthesia, but numbness develops in the hands and feet. The skin infiltration may lead to diffuse skin thickening, chiefly of the ears, lips and forehead (“lion’s face” in LLp).
The Correct Answer is C
During female development, one X chromosome per cell condenses into a compact object called a Barr body. Hence presence of Barr body indicates presence of atleast 2 X chromosomes. The sex chromosome makeup for females is two X’s and for males is an X and a Y. Therefore, females will have a barr body and males do not.
Tags: MCQ, Medicine, Genetics, Barr body
The Correct Answer is A
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamineAnd associated phosphatesActive coenzyme form is pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions
Protein--transamination, deaminationRate-limiting step in hemoglobin synthesisHomocysteine conversion to cysteineCarbohydrate-glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesisNeurotransmitter synthesis--serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Rare on its ownMicrocytic hypochromic anemiaDermatitisNeurologic symptoms
The Correct Answer is A
Megaloblastic anemia results from ineffective erythropoiesis with intramedullary hemolysis, which decreases the normal number of reticulocytes.
Tags: MCQS, Medicine, Megaloblastic Anemia
The correct Answer is A
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Typically is the result of an apparently inconsequential traumatic incident that ruptures bridging veins à bleeding in the subdural spaceThe small subdural clot does not get resorbed, but instead slowly expands à significant mass lesion (presumably due to small recurrent bleeds)Frequently occurs in elderly pts whose brain atrophy applies excessive stress on the bridging veinsTypically found over convexities of the hemispheres and may be bilateralClinical manifestations inc nonspecific symptoms such as headaches, drowsiness, and confusionThe hematoma becomes encapsulated w/ granulation tissue derived from the dura mater. The tissue 1st covers the dural side of the clot and is known as the “outer membrane,” which attaches to the dura by fibrovascular strands (but is distinct from the dura). Fibroblasts from the outer membrane cover the inner side of the clot (arachnoidal side) and fully encapsulate it. This portion is more delicate and less vascular and is called the “inner membrane.” If the hematoma is resorbed, only the encapsulating membranes are left behind as hemosiderin stained “neomembranes” on the inner surface of the dura mater.
The Correct Answer is A
Whatever side of 7.4 the pH is on, the process that caused it to shift to that side is the primary abnormality.
Identify whether the PCO2 is normal, inappropriate, and whether there is a respiratory acidosis or alkalosis (i.e. the CO2 could be in the normal range but is the patient tachypneic and is CO2 inappropriately high).
For acute increases in PCO2 of 10 mm Hg there should be a rise of 0.08 in the pH.For acute decreases in PCO2 of 10 mm Hg there should be a fall of 0.08 in the pH.
The Correct Option is C
Active transport: carrier-mediated, but uses ATP to transport against a gradient
Rate of facilitated diffusion and active transport is limited by # of carrier proteins and can become saturated
The Correct Option is A
The classical "occupancy" model of Clark (1933) postulated
(1) that the magnitude of the biological response is directly proportional to the fraction of the occupied receptors, and
(2) that the response is maximal when all receptors are occupied.
The Correct Answer is A
In 1948, Wolff and Chaikoff published a landmark paper (1), on the thyroid effect of increasing amounts of iodide (Potassium salt), injected intraperitoneally in rats. The authors stated: Organic binding of iodine within the glands can be almost completely blocked by raising the level of plasma inorganic iodine (PII) above a certain critical level, which for the rat amounts to about 20 to 35 percent. This effect became known as the Wolff-Chaikoff (W-C) Effect.
What is its therapeutic implications?
The Correct Options are A,C
The Correct Answer is D
Most patients with significant pericardial tamponade physiology will have a pulsus paradoxus. Asthma will produce a pulsus paradoxus when the FEV1 is less than 0.7 liters.
Tags: MCQ, Medicine, Asthma
The Correct Answer is C
Age : 60 – 90 Y/O
Sex : Male > = Female
Etiology:
Watershed phenomenon –
“Griffith’s point” – Splenic flexure – IMA and SMA junction
“Sudeck’s critical point” – Midportion of S-colon – IMA and hypogastric a.
The Correct Answer is C
Mesenteric angina is an uncommon condition which is underdiagnosed, or diagnosed too late when the patient has a mesenteric infarct. Chronic mesenteric ischaemia is an uncommon clinical entity that is often not considered in patients with abdominal pain
The Correct Answer is B
WHO recommends the secondary prevention of rheumatic heart disease by giving prophylactic benzathine penicillin every 3 to 4 weeks to children who have had rheumatic fever. This is called secondary prevention because it does not prevent the development of rheumatic fever, but rather prevents the progression once it has occurred.
Tags: MCQ, Medicine, Penicillin, Rheumatic Fever
The Correct Answer is C
Pregnancy has been considered a contraindication to vaccination with the rubella vaccine because of potential adverse effects on the fetus. Following introduction of the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine, the CDC established a registry for women who received rubella vaccine within three months of conception. Pregnancy outcomes in 683 vaccine recipients showed no evidence that the rubella vaccine caused any fetal abnormalities or congenital rubella syndrome. Because of the theoretic risk, guidelines state that precautions should be used to prevent rubella vaccine administration during pregnancy, However, rubella-specific IgM has been detected in cord blood, suggesting possible subclinical infection. but pregnancy testing before vaccination is not considered to be necessary.
The Correct Answer is A
The urinary tract is the most common site of nosocomial infection, accounting for more than 40% of the total number reported by acute-care hospitals and affecting an estimated 600,000 patients per year.The term UTI encompasses a variety of clinical entities, ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria to cystitis, prostatitis, and pyelonephritis.
Tags: MCQ, Medicine,
