Which of the following stimulus does not induce visceral pain ? (AIPGE-99)
a. Distension
b. Pressure
c. Cauterisation
d. Cutting
Answer
What is the underlying cause of pernicious anemia in untreated gastrectomy patients?
A lack of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the diet
B lack of intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cells
C lack of folate (folic acid) in the diet
D inability to absorb dietary iron
E reduced circulating levels of erythropoietin
Answer
Primary afferents that convey sensory input from the bladder to the micturition center in the pons have cell bodies (i.e., somas) that reside within the:
a. pons
b. medulla
c. dorsal root ganglia of lumbar nerves
d. inferior vagal ganglion
e. parasympathetic ganglia located within the bladder wall
Answer
Cutting which of the following nerves would be expected to result in a diminished capacity for the detrusor muscle of the bladder to contract?
a. the pudendal nerve
b. lumbar splanchnic nerves that run to the inferior mesenteric ganglion
c. the hypogastric nerve.
d. pelvic splanchnic nerves that run to the bladder
e. both b and c
Answer
During a massive stimulation of the sympathetic-adrenal medulla system (i.e., a fight or flight response), all of the following responses would be expected EXCEPT:
a. in increase in heart rate
b. an increase in glucose metabolism
c. an increase in gastrointestinal motility and secretion
d. papillary dilation
e. airway dilation
Answer
Which of the following drugs or toxins will result in skeletal muscle paralysis? (E)
a. curare
b. succinlycholine
c. botulinum toxin
d. tetrodotoxin (TTX)
e. all of the above
Answer
Which of the following statements regarding slow waves in the stomach is FALSE? A. They consist of upstroke and plateau phases.
B. Their frequency is 3-5/minute.
C. When the plateau phase exceeds a threshold, contraction occurs.
D. Action potentials on top of the slow waves are required for contraction.
E. They determine the frequency of contractions.
Answer
The pathway from the intestinal lumen to the circulating blood for a medium-chain fatty acid is A. enterocytechylomicronlymphatic ductblood
B. enteroctyeVLDLblood
C. enterocyteblood
D. enterocyteLDLlymphatic ductblood
E. enterocytelymphatic ductblood
Answer
Which of the following is responsible for moving fecal material into the rectum? A. segmentation contractions
B. rectosphincteric complex
C. migrating motility complex
D. mass movement
E. peristaltic contractions
Answer
With regard to gastric secretions, A. the higher the flow rate of gastric juice, the higher is its Na+ concentration.
B. H+ is secreted across the apical membrane of the parietal cell in exchange for K+.
C. Cl- is secreted into the lumen via a Cl- active transport protein.
D. K+ concentrations are always lower than in plasma.
E. only small amounts of ATP are required.
Answer
With regard to salivary secretion, A. the major control of secretion is via the enteric nervous system.
B. parasympathetic input stimulates secretion, while sympathetic input inhibits secretion.
C. as flow rate increases, Na+ and Cl- concentrations increase.
D. stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to salivary glands results in prolonged stimulation of salivation.
E. the volume is low relative to the mass of the salivary glands.
Answer
With regard to the small intestine, A. peristaltic contractions are the most common type of contractions.
B. slow waves trigger contractions.
C. contractions are more frequent in the ileum than in the duodenum.
D. there is no migrating motility/myoelectric complex.
E. motility is mediated by both the extrinsic and intrinsic nervous systems.
Answer
With regard to pancreatic secretion, A. during the intestinal phase, CCK stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete pancreatic enzymes.
B. as flow rate increases, Na+ concentration increases.
C. CCK does not influence the response of ductal cells to secretin.
D. the HCO3- concentration is always lower than that in plasma.
E. HCO3- enters the lumen by through channels.
Answer
According to Poiseuille’s Law, flow through a tube is
directly proportional to the
driving pressure and the ____________.
vessel radius
vessel length
fluid viscosity
vessel length to the second power
vessel radius to the fourth power
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Most of the blood is found in the _______________________.
capillaries
arteries
arterioles
venules
aorta
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The vessels that exert the most pronounced “windkessel” function are the ________________________.
a. Capillaries
b. Large arteries
c. Large veins
d. Arterioles
e. Venules
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Which of the following hormones does NOT come from the same family of homologous structures?
a. gastrin
b. secretin
c. VIP
d. glucagon
e. GIP
Maintenance of the corpus luteum during the first trimester of pregnancy is accomplished principally by the secretion of
A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
D. luteinizing hormone (LH)
E. progesterone
Answer
Pulse pressure is:
a. the function of stroke volume and arterial compliance
b. a direct function of elastic modulus but an inverse function of compliance
c. both statements are correct
d. neither statement is correct
Most accurately, mean arterial blood pressure can be determined by integrating the pressure wave form recorded from an artery. When this is not possible, mean blood pressure can be estimated from systolic and diastolic pressure by using which of the following equations?
a. (systolic+ diastolic)/2
b. systolic diastolic+1/2 of diastolic
c. (systolic-diastolic)/3 + diastolic
d. systolic- diastolicx3 +diastolic
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