Cytokines in Immunity

The correct answer is D

Explanation
The receptors for the Tumor necrosis factor are on several mononuclear cells, in the synovial membrane, as well as the peripheral blood and synovial fluid. There are also soluble receptors - receptors that are free in solution. These are shed from mononuclear cells. Increased soluble receptors are seen in RA, SLE, Systemic sclerosis, MCTD, RA, and to a certain degree OA, although the latter is less than the levels in RA.


The soluble TNF receptors block the TNF by mopping up and blocking the levels of TNF, so that less is available to activate the mononuclear cells. They thus act as natural inhibitors. The incidence and extent of the levels of the soluble receptor correlates with disease activity.

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