Surgery MCQ Answer 93

Answer: a, d



Cytokines, which are produced at the site of injury by endothelial cells and by diverse immune cells throughout the body, also occupy a pivotal position in the stress response. Cytokines differ from classic endocrine hormones in that they are produced by a variety of cell types and in that they have the capacity to exert their tissue effects locally via direct cell-to-cell communications in a paracrine and/or autocrine fashion. Cytokines can stimulate the production of other cytokines, leading to important cascades which both amplify and diversify the effects of the proximal cytokine. Occasionally, when in excess, cytokines act as hormones and “spill over” into the systemic circulation and become detectable in the bloodstream.

Category: Surgery MCQs