Answer: d, e

The presence of a pleural effusion in association with a primary lung cancer is usually an ominous sign precluding surgical resection. However, if more than one sample of the effusion is negative for malignant cells and it is non-bloody, it can be considered unrelate

d to the tumor and excluded as a staging element. When the effusion cytology is positive, the tumor is considered T4 regardless of size or nodal status.
Category:
Surgery MCQs
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