Which of the following Starling force changes is the primary cause ofthe edema seen in patients with nephrotic syndrome?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
B. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure (pc)
C. Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi)
D. Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure (pi)
E. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
F. Increased capillary oncotic pressure (pc)
G. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pi)
H. Increased interstitial oncotic pressure (pi)
Answer
A 37-year-old woman who was diagnosed with AIDS 3 years earlier is unable to work, is physically debilitated, and requests her physician to provide her with medications with which to take her own life. The most common emotional disorder that results in such requests by patients is
A. bipolar I disorder, manic type
B. borderline personality disorder
C. factitious disorder
D. major depressive disorder
E. schizophrenic disorder
Answer
IV administration of drug X to an anesthetized animal produces an increase in blood pressure. After administration of drug Y, readministration of drug X produces a decrease in blood pressure.
Which of the following pairs of drugs could produce this sequence of events?
.......Drug X............ Drug Y
A. Acetylcholine .....Neostigmine
B. Epinephrine........ Phentolamine
C. Isoproterenol .....Atropine
D. Norepinephrine.....Propranolol
E. Phenylephrine .....Hexamethonium
Answer
A 25-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia complains of steady pain in her right upper quadrant with radiation to the right shoulder, especially after large or fatty meals. Her physician diagnoses gallstones. Of which of the following compounds are these stones most likely composed?
A. Calcium bilirubinate
B. Calcium oxalate
C. Cholesterol
D. Cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate
E. Cystine
Answer
A patient with prolonged diarrhea undergoes esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Biopsy of the small intestine demonstrates numerous crescent-shaped protozoa adjacent to the epithelial brush border. Which of the following organisms is the most likely pathogen?
A. Entamoeba histolytica
B. Escherichia coli
C. Giardia lamblia
D. Naegleria fowleri
E. Trichomonas vaginalis
Answer
A patient is referred to a neurologist because of ataxia. Neurological examination reveals a loss of proprioception and a wide-based, slapping gate Magnetic resonance imaging reveals degeneration of the dorsal columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord. Which of the following organisms is most likely to have caused this pattern of damage?
A. Haemophilus influenzae
B. Herpes simplex I
C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D. Neisseria meningitidis
E. Treponema pallidum
Answer
A 24-year-old woman in her third trimester of pregnancy presents with urinary frequency and burning for the past few days. She denies fever,nausea, vomiting, or chills. She takes no medications besides prenatal vitamins and is generally in good health. Physical examination is remarkable for mild suprapubic tenderness, and a urine dipstick is positive for white blood cells, protein, and a small amount of blood. Culture produces greater than 100,000 colonies of gram-negative bacilli. Which of the following attributes of this uropathogenic organism is most strongly associated with its virulence?
A. Bundle-forming pili
B. GVVPQ fimbriae
C. Heat labile toxins
D. Heat stable toxins
E. P pili
F. Type 1 pili
Answer
A 46-year-old woman visits her podiatrist to have several bunions removed from her right foot. She chooses conscious sedation rather than general anesthesia for this procedure. She is given intravenous midazolam to supplement the local anesthetics that are injected into her foot. Midway through the surgery, she suddenly becomes agitated, combative, and exhibits involuntary movements. The anesthesiologist determines that she is having a paradoxical reaction to the midazolam and immediately administers
A. flumazenil
B. glucagon
C. naloxone
D. nitrite
E. protamine
Answer
A 26-year-old man is admitted through the emergency department to the hospital for a heroin overdose. His heart rate is 45 beats/min, and his blood pressure is 75/40 mm Hg. Which of the following best depicts the results from an arterial blood sample ?
pH PaCO2 (mm Hg) HCO3- (mEq/L)
A. 7.22 66 26
B. 7.34 29 15
C. 7.40 40 24
D. 7.47 20 14
E. 7.49 48 35
Answer
